Comparison paper between A Rose for Emilyby William Fulkner, and Research

Correlation between A Rose for Emilyby William Fulkner, and BattleRoyal by Ralph Ellison - Research Paper Example The setting of the story is in Faulkners fanciful city, Jefferson, in his nonexistent region of Yoknapatawpha in Mississippi. The story is about an abnormal old maid, Emily Grierson, the unknown storyteller gives the points of interest the odd conditions of Emily’s living and her peculiar associations with her sweetheart, her dad and the town of Jefferson. The storyteller likewise subtleties the ghastly mystery Emily escapes the world. In few pages, A Rose for Emily, spread approximately 75% of a century; from the introduction of Emily Grierson which happens at some point pretty much the Civil War, while her demise happens at some point in the mid 1930s. The Reconstruction following the Civil War had a profound and lowering result on Southern culture. The South’s dated rural domain economy, focused for such a long time upon slave work, was overpowered by liberation. Northern financial specialists, perceived as ‘‘carpet-baggers,’’ came in enormous numbers to exploit the monetary bedlam. Various Southern top class individuals wound up utilized on the homesteads along with sharecroppers and prior slaves. Faulkner happened to originate from a family that once had an estate (Marie  ¶ 4). The past of his family in addition to that of the South all in all was totally upset by the recreation after the common war. As per Royden (372), from the way that Faulkner originates from a family foundation with a highborn demeanor and connected with other practically identical families, he was bantered with the haughtiness of practices like the Griersons where Rose originated from. Some of these individuals persevered to go about as though they were as yet lucky manor proprietors despite the fact that their riches had vanished. By and by, Faulkner spent quite a bit of his time looking at normal townspeople as well and this gives the motivation behind why he was fit for catching the voice of the customary individuals of

Poverty and Destitution

Characterizing Poverty has been characterized from multiple points of view. Some endeavor to lessen it to numbers, while others accept that a progressively obscure definition must be utilized. At long last, a blend of the two strategies is ideal. DiNitto and Cummins (2007), in their book â€Å"Social Welfare, Politics and Public Policy,† present six definitions and clarifications of neediness. Social reformers Webb and Webb (1911) present another edge on destitution. Basically, all definitions are right, the discussion is of which to utilize while making strategy. â€Å"Less than† Poverty DiNitto and Cummings (2007) first present destitution as depravation. They clarify that destitution as depravation is an inadequacy in a â€Å"item required to keep up a not too bad standard of living†, for example, garments, food, sanctuary or clinical consideration. From the outset this definition appears to summarize the general comprehension of neediness. Be that as it may, the issue lies with the â€Å"decent way of life. † This announcement suggests that there is a settled upon standard for an agreeable or better than average way of life. To be considered in neediness by this definition one would need to live beneath the imperceptible standard of not too bad living. This is the ‘less than enough† meaning of destitution and is the most normally utilized meaning of neediness to date. Second, DiNitto and Cummings (2007) depicted destitution as imbalance. Destitution as disparity alludes to the â€Å"inequality in the conveyance of pay. † This definition is such an obscure speculation, that essentially any individual can make a genuine case at being devastated. Any individual can guarantee that they get an inconsistent measure of salary and in this way are in relative destitution having short of what another person and are qualified for additional. This is the â€Å"less than that guy† meaning of neediness. The last â€Å"less than† neediness definition is destitution as absence of human legislative hall. This definition, as indicated by DiNitto and Cummings (2007), portrays that in a free market efficiency is critical and those with low profitability are ruined. In the event that an individual has low efficiency as a result of an absence of abilities, information, instruction or preparing then they will get a low measure of repayment for their creation. This is the â€Å"less skills† meaning of neediness. â€Å"That’s simply the way it is† Poverty There are three diverse â€Å"that’s jus the way it is† sorts of destitution; neediness as culture, destitution as abuse and destitution as structure. The principal, destitution as culture is portrayed by DiNitto and Cummings (2007) as neediness turning into the standard for a subset of people. DiNitto and Cummings (2007) clarify that it isn't only a â€Å"way of life† yet additionally a lot of mentalities, absence of confidence and absence of motivating force inside the gathering that sustains neediness among them. Destitution as abuse was sociologists Marx and Weber’s reason for communism. Neediness as abuse accept that the upper and white collar classes are misusing the lower class by utilizing them as modest work and paying them inadequate pay rates to get away from destitution. This definition presents that likelihood that destitution doesn't need to exist, yet that through collaboration of the classes neediness can be annihilated. Neediness as structure is portrayed by DiNitto and Cummings (2007) as the continuation of destitution due to â€Å"institutional and basic parts. † Institutional segregation alludes to the imbalance in circumstance inside the organization. DiNitto and Cummings (2007) gives the model that poor school locale are frequently given less financing and less assets for their understudies. With less assets and much of the time bigger classes, the understudies in these school locale don't get full or appropriate training coming about, eventually, in the continuation of neediness. â€Å"Destitute† Poverty After these definitions and endeavors to clarify or better comprehend neediness there is as yet a basic piece missing. Characterizing neediness by contrasting one individual with another or to a number isn't adequate. There is no endless supply of living and in certain definitions anybody could make a sensible contention that they live in neediness, regardless of their salary or assets. Be that as it may, there is another definition not referenced in our content. Berleman (1970) in his article â€Å"Poverty-Some Dilemmas in Definition† cited mid twentieth century social reformers Webb and Webb as they portray destitution. Webb and Webb clarify that desperation is â€Å"the state of being without at least one of the necessities of life, so that wellbeing and quality is so weakened as to in the end risk life itself. This definition gives the most concrete of guidelines just as gives a brutal perspective on what destitution truly is. Forestalling Destitution The plan to end neediness is the same old thing in American legislative issues. Be that as it may, with the ongoing changes in the US economy the war on neediness is seething and lawmakers are offering brave expressions and guarantees. In the 2008 Compass Forum Barack Obama strikingly promised to divide neediness inside 10 years. Afterward, Republican John McCain proclaimed on the off chance that he were casted a ballot president that the â€Å"eradication of neediness will be top need of the McCain organization. The intriguing thing about these remarks is the arrangement every legislator made to help them. Both John McCain and Barack Obama followed in the strides of government official John Edwards, supporting the arrangement that he had once proposed. The arrangement incorporated a rundown of activities that should have been taken to ease neediness in the US. In any case, a the highest priority on the rundown were just brief arrangements including expanding the lowest pay permitted by law and joblessness protection, amending the earned personal assessment credit and youngster charge acknowledges just as government supported kid care and making new openings. Over the long haul these arrangements won't hold. Raising the lowest pay permitted by law and expanding charge credits are an endless procedure that may help the weight of low salary families and laborers, giving the hallucination incidentally that the arrangement is working. Still the lowest pay permitted by law and expense credits would need to be expanded routinely to shield this fantasy from crumbling and landing US neediness rates back in precisely the same position. Much lower on the â€Å"to do list† to destroy destitution were programs that will yield progressively higher and longer enduring outcomes, for example, Pell awards, school-to-work programs and professional recovery for previous detainees and handicapped laborers. Giving the important assets and abilities to devastated people with the craving to work will permit them to get more lucrative situations as well as give access to the assets they have to keep up the position. Enabling a person to transcend neediness by giving assets and abilities will have a more slow rising, yet longer enduring constructive outcome. Expanding the lowest pay permitted by law and expense credits may almost certainly bring those on the edge of the neediness line marginally above it, yet shouldn't something be said about the individuals who are down and out? How is another $. 0 to $. 40 every hour going to reduce their desperation? How is a kid charge credit going to profit them when they can't take care of their youngster? There are two parts of the bargains range that need our government officials center; the spotlight should be on expanding the assets for low salary families for moderate medicinal services, food stamp programs, school feast projects and impermanent help for destitute families. At that point the following stage is anything but a brief assessment credit or increment in the lowest pay permitted by law, yet support in professional aptitudes, instruction and preparing. Long haul diminishes in destitution rates will just happen after there is an expansion in wholesome help, clinical consideration, instruction and preparing for low-pay Americans References Berleman, W. (1970). Povertyâ€Some Dilemmas in Definition. Development and Change, 1(4), 27. Recovered from Academic Search Complete database. Besharov, D. , and Call, D. (2009). Pay Transfers Alone Won't Eradicate Poverty. Arrangement Studies Journal, 37(4), 599-631. DiNitto, D. and Cummings, L. (2007) Social Welfare, Politics and Public Policy. Pearson Education, Boston, MA. P 80-118, 161-197, 250-379.

100 Must-Reads for World Refugee Day

100 Must-Reads for World Refugee Day This post about must-reads for World Refugee Day is sponsored by Soldier Boy by Keely Hutton. Soldier Boy begins with the story of Ricky Richard Anywar, abducted at age fourteen in 1989 to fight with Joseph Konys rebel army in Uganda’s decades-long civil war. Ricky is trained, armed, and forced to fight government soldiers alongside his brutal kidnappers, but never stops dreaming of escape. The story continues twenty years later, with a fictionalized character named Samuel, representative of the thousands of child soldiers Ricky eventually helped rehabilitate as founder of the internationally acclaimed charity Friends of Orphans. Working closely with Ricky himself, Keely Hutton has written an eye-opening book about a boy’s unbreakable spirit and indomitable courage in the face of unimaginable horror. Theres going to be an abundance of articles on World Refugee Day today pleading for an immediate material response to the global refugee crisisa response that acknowledges the humanity of those less fortunate and demonstrates the humanity of those more fortunate. If youre moved by any of those pieces, your activism on World Refufee DAy can include reading and discussing some of the books listed below. A couple  things about this list: Not everybody is a journalist. Not everybody is a novelist. Many people who do have these skills can exercise them solely  in a  non-English language. So this list is far from 100% #ownvoices. And, yeah, thats a problematic reality that deserves interrogating in a book all its own. My practical advice in two parts: 1.) Dont ignore a work just because it happens to be written by a privileged non-refugee, and 2.) dont only read works by privileged  non-refugees. Refugee, immigrant, asylum seeker These terms have specific legal meanings is certain contexts. But in colloquial usage, the definitions of these words almost always depend upon the speakers beliefs about what kind of people are worthy and deserving of crossing borders. That bugs the hell out of me. So I tended to play a bit faster and looser with jargon in compiling this list. Graphic Novels and Memoirs Baddawi  by Leila Abdelrazaq Ahmed was raised in the refugee camp of Baddawi in northern Lebanon, one of many thousands of children born to Palestinians who fled (or were expelled from) their homeland during the 1948 war that established the state of Israel. Ahmads dogged pursuit of education and opportunity echoes the journey of the Palestinian people, as they make the best of their existing circumstances while remaining determined to one day return to their homeland. Saigon Calling: London 1963-75  by Marcelino Truong and translated by David Homel (forthcoming September 12, 2017) Marcelino Truongs first book about the early years of the Vietnam war, the graphic memoir Such a Lovely Little War (2016), received starred reviews in Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews and was named one the seasons best graphic novels by the New York Times. In this sequel, young Marcelino and his family move from Saigon to London in order to escape the war following the assassination of South Vietnamese President Diem, for whom Marcelinos diplomat father was a personal interpreter. The Best We Could Do by Thi Bui The author describes her experiences as a young Vietnamese immigrant, highlighting her familys move from their war-torn home to the United States in graphic novel format. Threads: From the Refugee Crisis by Kate Evans With a heavy heart and bearing artistic gifts, Kate Evans draws the faces of refugees coming from Syria, Africa, and elsewhere to The Jungle, a makeshift camp in Calais, France, and in doing so Evans captures the refugees full humanity, intelligence, and suffering as they search for family, home, and dignity. An antidote to the anti-immigrant populism that is raging across the world, Threads is the real story that puts a human face on a very topical news item. Vietnamerica by GB Tran A memoir in graphic novel format about the authors experiences as the son of Vietnamese immigrants who fled to America during the fall of Saigon describes how he learned his tragic ancestral history and the impact of the Vietnam War on his family while visiting their homeland years later. Childrens and YA A Different Pond by Bao Phi and Thi Bui (forthcoming August 1, 2017) As a young boy, Bao Phi awoke early, hours before his fathers long workday began, to fish on the shores of a small pond in Minneapolis. Unlike many other anglers, Bao and his father fished for food, not recreation. A successful catch meant a fed family. Between hope-filled casts, Bao’s father told him about a different pond in their homeland of Vietnam. A Thunderous Whisper by Christina Diaz Gonzalez Ani, a twelve-year-old Basque girl, and Mathias, a fourteen-year-old German Jew, become friends and then spies in the weeks leading up to the bombing of Guernica in April 1937. Brothers in Hope: The Story of the Lost Boys of Sudan by Mary Williams and R. Gregory Christie Eight-year-old Garang, orphaned by a civil war in Sudan, finds the inner strength to help lead other boys as they trek thousands of miles seeking safety in Ethiopia, then Kenya, and finally in the United States. Four Feet, Two Sandals by Karen Lynn Williams and Khadra Mohammed When relief workers bring clothing to a refugee camp in Pakistan, ten-year-old Lina is thrilled when she finds a sandal that fits her foot until she sees that another girl has the matching shoe. But soon Lina and Feroza meet and decide that it is better to share the sandals. The girls discover the true meaning of friendship and sacrifice. Inside Out and Back Again by Thanhha Lai Inspired by the authors childhood experience of fleeing Vietnam after the Fall of Saigon and immigrating to Alabama, this coming-of-age debut novel told in verse has been celebrated for its touching childs-eye view of family and immigration. Lily Renee, Escape Artist: From Holocaust Survivor to Comic Book Pioneer by Trina Robbins, Anne Timmons, and Mo Oh Presents the story of Lily Renée Wilheim, the Jewish girl who escaped from the Nazis through the Kindertransport operation, leaving her parents behind and traveling alone to England, later becoming a comic book artist in New York. Lost and Found Cat: The True Story of Kunkushs Incredible Journey by Doug Kuntz, Amy Shrodes, and Sue Cornelison When an Iraqi family is forced to flee their home, they cant bear to leave their beloved cat, Kunkush, behind. So they carry him with them from Iraq to Greece, keeping their secret passenger hidden away. My Childhood Under Fire: A Sarajevo Diary by Nadja Halilbegovich Offers the story of one young girl who grew into a young woman during the siege of Sarajevo by surviving the constant bombings, sniper attacks, and a critical lack of basic supplies for three long years. My Name Is Sangoel by Karen Williams, Khadra Mohammed, and Catherine Stock As a refugee from Sudan to the United States, Sangoel is frustrated that no one can pronounce his name correctly until he finds a clever way to solve the problem. Out of Nowhere by Maria Padian Performing community service for pulling a stupid prank against a rival high school, soccer star Tom tutors a Somali refugee with soccer dreams of his own. Refugee Boy by Benjamin Zephaniah Alem is now on his own, in the hands of the social services and the Refugee Council. He lives from letter to letter, waiting to hear from his father, and in particular about his mother, who has now gone missing. Stepping Stones: A Refugee Familys Journey by Margriet Ruurs and Falah Raheem Rama and her family are forced to leave behind everything they know and love. With only what they can carry on their backs, Ramas family sets out to find refuge in Europe. Syrian artist Nizar Ali Badrs stunning stone images illustrate Margriet Ruurss thoughtful and moving story. Stormy Seas: Stories of Young Boat Refugees by Mary Beth Leatherdale and Eleanor Shakespeare This book presents five true stories, from 1939 to today, about young people who lived through the harrowing experience of setting sail in search of asylum. Tangled Threads: A Hmong Girls Story by Pegi Deitz Shea After ten years in a refugee camp in Thailand, thirteen-year-old Mai Yang travels to Providence, Rhode Island, where her Americanized cousins introduce her to pizza, shopping, and beer, while her grandmother and new friends keep her connected to her Hmong heritage. Teacup by Rebecca Young and Matt Ottley Once there was a boy who had to leave home and find another. In his bag he carried a book, a bottle and a blanket. In his teacup he held some earth from where he used to play. This is one boys story of leaving his homeland, surviving a long journey by sea and finding a safe, new place to call home. The Bone Sparrow: A Refugee Novel by Zana Fraillion Born in a refugee camp, all Subhi knows of the world is that hes at least 19 fence diamonds high, the nice Jackets never stay long, and at night he dreams that the sea finds its way to his tent, bringing with it unusual treasures. And one day it brings him Jimmie. Carrying a notebook that shes unable to read and wearing a sparrow made out of bone around her neck, both talismans of her familys past and the mother shes lost, Jimmie strikes up an unlikely friendship with Subhi beyond the fence. As he reads aloud the tale of how Jimmies family came to be, both children discover the importance of their own stories in writing their futures. The Colour of Home by Mary Hoffman and Karin Littlewood Hassan, newly-arrived in England and feeling homesick, paints a picture at school that shows his old home in Somalia as well as the reason his family had to leave. The Journey by Francesca Sanna A mother and her two children set out on such a journey; one filled with fear of the unknown, but also great hope. Based on her interactions with people forced to seek a new home, and told from the perspective of a young child, Francesca Sanna has created a beautiful and sensitive book that is full of significance for our time. The Milk of Birds by Sylvia Whitman When a nonprofit organization called Save the Girls pairs a fourteen-year-old Sudanese refugee with an American teenager from Richmond, Virginia, the pen pals teach each other compassion and share a bond that bridges two continents. The Red Pencil by Andrea Davis Pinkney and Shane W. Evans After her tribal village is attacked by militants, Amira, a young Sudanese girl, must flee to safety at a refugee camp, where she finds hope and the chance to pursue an education in the form of a single red pencil and the friendship and encouragement of a wise elder. The Red Umbrella by Christina Diaz Gonzalez The Red Umbrella is the moving tale of a 14-year-old girls journey from Cuba to America as part of Operation Pedro Panan organized exodus of more than 14,000 unaccompanied children, whose parents sent them away to escape Fidel Castros revolution. The Silver Sword by Ian Serraillier Alone and fending for themselves in a Poland devastated by World War Two, Jan and his three homeless friends cling to the silver sword as a symbol of hope. As they travel through Europe towards Switzerland, where they believe they will be reunited with their parents, they encounter many hardships and dangers. The Whispering Cloth by Pegi Deitz Shea, Anita Riggio, and You Yang Living in a refugee camp in Thailand, young Mai spends her days listening to Hmong women as they stitch pandaubrightly colored story clothsand preparing to find her own story of hope and faith to stitch. Tropical Secrets: Holocaust Refugees in Cuba by Margarita Engle Escaping from Nazi Germany to Cuba in 1939, a young Jewish refugee dreams of finding his parents again, befriends a local girl with painful secrets of her own, and discovers that the Nazi darkness is never far away. Under the Persimmon Tree by Suzanne Fisher-Staples During the 2001 Afghan War, the lives of Najmal, a young refugee from Kunduz, Afghanistan, and Nusrat, an American-Muslim teacher who is awaiting her husbands return from Mazar-i-Sharif, intersect at a school in Peshawar, Pakistan. Nonfiction A Hope More Powerful Than the Sea: One Refugees Incredible Story of Love, Loss, and Survival by Melissa Fleming Adrift in a frigid sea, no land in sight?just debris from the ships wreckage and floating corpses all around?nineteen-year-old Doaa Al Zamel floats with a small inflatable water ring around her waist and clutches two children, barely toddlers, to her body. The children had been thrust into Doaas arms by their drowning relatives, all refugees who boarded a dangerously overcrowded ship bound for Sweden and a new life. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Child Soldier by Ismael Beah At the age of twelve, Ishmael Beah fled attacking rebels in Sierra Leone and wandered a land rendered unrecognizable by violence. By thirteen, hed been picked up by the government army, and Beah, at heart a gentle boy, found that he was capable of truly terrible acts. At sixteen, he was removed from fighting by UNICEF, and through the help of the staff at his rehabilitation center, he learned how to forgive himself, to regain his humanity, and, finally, to heal. A Thousand Miles to Freedom: My Escape from North Korea by Eunsun Kim A woman who escaped North Korea as a girl with her mother relates the harrowing story of her nine-year journey to freedom. Across Many Mountains: Three Daughters of Tibet by Yangzom Brauen, translated by Katy Derbyshire At a Free Tibet demonstration in Moscow in 2001, a Swiss actress is captured on film being arrested. A German publisher suggests she tells the world her story. The result is this breathtaking book about Yangzom Brauens Tibetan heritage, and most particularly her extraordinary grandmother and mother, who fled Tibet in the early 1950s when the Chinese came to take their country away. Alek: From Sudanese Refugee to International Supermodel by Alek Wek Born in the southern Sudan, Alek knew only a few years of peace with her family before they were caught up in a ruthless civil war that pitted outlaw militias, the Muslim-dominated government, and southern rebels against each other in a brutal conflict that killed nearly two million people. Here is her story of fleeing the war on foot and her escape to London, where her rise to supermodel was all the more notable because of Aleks non-European looks. Child Soldier by China Keitetsi Chinas story of her life as a child conscript in the Ugandan National Resistance Army starts at age 8 and continues for ten years of terror, humiliation and sexual assault. Children of War: Voices of Iraqi Refugees by Deborah Ellis In Children of War, a companion title to Off to War: Voices of Soldiers Children, Deborah Ellis turns her attention to the most tragic victims of the Iraq war Iraqi children. She interviews two dozen young people, mostly refugees living in Jor. City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the Worlds Largest Refugee Camp by Ben Rawlence Rawlence interweaves the stories of nine individuals to show what life is like in the Dadaab refugee camp, sketching the wider political forces that keep the Somalian refugees trapped. Goodbye Sarajevo by Atka Reid and Hana Schofield Hana is twelve years old when her older sister Atka puts her on a UN evacuation bus fleeing the besieged city of Sarajevo. Thinking they will be apart for a short time, they make a promise to each other to be brave. But as the Bosnian war escalates and months go by without contact, their promise becomes deeply significant. Hana is forced to cope as a refugee in Croatia, while Atka and their younger siblings battle for survival in a city overwhelmed by crime and destruction. Goodbye, Antoura: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide by Karnig Panian, translated by Simon Beugekian When World War I began, Karnig Panian was only five years old, living among his fellow Armenians in the Anatolian village of Gurin. Four years later, American aid workers found him at an orphanage in Antoura, Lebanon. He was among nearly 1,000 Armenian and 400 Kurdish children who had been abandoned by the Turkish administrators, left to survive at the orphanage without adult care. Human Cargo: A Journey Among Refugees by Caroline Moorehead How can society cope with the diaspora of the twenty-first century? Is there a difference between good asylum seekers and bad economic migrants? What happens to those whose applications are turned down? This is an exploration into the crisis and a celebration of the courage of ordinary people. I Can Only Tell You What My Eyes See: Photographs from the Refugee Crisis by Giles Duley (forthcoming October 10, 2017) Duley visited fourteen countries to tell the stories of individuals and families forced to flee their homes. He chronicled the turmoil of Lebanon, the camps of Jordan and Iraq, hellish scenes on the beaches of Lesvos and the refugees’ arrival in Germany. Bringing together over 150 original photographs as well as texts by Filippo Grandi, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and Robert Del Naja from Massive Attack, this book captures how even in the midst of such horror and tragedy there is humour, the unexpected, and, above all, humanity. In Hope and Despair: Life in the Palestinian Refugee Camps by Mia Grandahl Between 1999 and 2002, Swedish photographer Mia Grondahl visited most of the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, documenting through a remarkable series of intimate, direct, and powerfully honest images the lives of a people making the best of a temporary existence that has lasted over half a century. Journey from the Land of No: A Girlhood Caught in Revolutionary Iran by Roya Hakakian Roya Hakakian recalls her childhood and adolescence in prerevolutionary Iran with candor and verve. The result is a beautifully written coming-of-age story about one deeply intelligent and perceptive girls attempt to find an authentic voice of her own at a time of cultural closing and repression. Remarkably, she manages to re-create a time and place dominated by religious fanaticism, violence, and fear with an open heart and often with great humor. Keeping Hope Alive: One Woman, 90,000 Lives Changed by Dr. Hawa Abdi The truly inspiring and moving story of a female doctor in war torn Somalia who refuses to leave her country and her people. Migrant, Refugee, Smuggler, Savior by Peter Tinti and Tuesday Reitano When states, charities, and NGOs either ignore or are overwhelmed by movement of people on a vast scale, criminal networks step into the breach. This book explains what happens next. Not Even My Name: A True Story by Thea Halo Sano Halo was a 10-year-old girl when she was torn from her ancient, pastoral way of life in the mountains and sent on a death march that annihilated her family. Stripped of everything she had ever held dear, even her name, Sano was sold by her surrogate family into marriage when still a child to a man three times her age. Not Even My Name follows Sanos marriage, the raising of her ten children in New York City, and her transformation as an innocent girl who was forced to move from a bucolic life to the 20th century in one bold stride. Outcasts United: The Story of a Refugee Soccer Team That Changed a Town by Warren St. John A rich and inspiring true story about a youth soccer team in Georgia made up of refugees from around the world. Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922 by Giles Milton On the fault lines between the East and the West, the tragic and controversial destruction of one of the worlds greatest cities; retold in chilling detail. Refugee Tales edited by David Herd and Anna Pincus Here, poets and novelists retell the stories of individuals who have direct experience of Britains policy of indefinite immigration detention. Seeking Refuge: On the Shores of the Global Refugee Crisis by Stephan Bauman and Matthew Soerens We cant ignore the refugee crisis arguably the greatest geo-political issue of our time but how do we even begin to respond to something so massive and complex? In Seeking Refuge, three experts from World Relief, a global organization serving refugees, offer a practical, well-rounded, well-researched guide to the issue. Who are refugees and other displaced peoples? What are the real risks and benefits of receiving them? How do we balance compassion and security? Drawing from history, public policy, psychology, many personal stories, and their own unique Christian worldview, the authors offer a nuanced and compelling portrayal of the plight of refugees and the extraordinary opportunity we have to love our neighbors as ourselves. Slave: My True Story by Mende Nazer and Damien Lewis The extraordinary story of a young Sudanese girl who was kidnapped and sold into slavery and how she finally escaped to freedom. Stealing Buddhas Dinner: A Memoir by Bich Minh Nguyen Beginning with her familys harrowing migration out of Saigon in 1975, Stealing Buddhas Dinner follows Bich Nguyen as she comes of age in the pre-PC-era Midwest. Filled with a rapacious hunger for American identity, Nguyens desire to belong transmutes into a passion for American food-Pringles, Kit Kats, and Toll House cookies. More exotic-seeming than her Buddhist grandmothers traditional specialties, the campy, preservative-filled delicacies of mainstream America become an ingenious metaphor for her struggle to become a real American. Strangers at Our Door by Zygmunt Bauman In this short book Zygmunt Bauman argues that the policy of mutual separation, of building walls rather than bridges, is misguided. It may bring some short-term reassurance but it is doomed to fail in the long run. We are faced with a crisis of humanity, and the only exit from this crisis is to recognize our growing interdependence as a species and to find new ways to live together in solidarity and cooperation, amidst strangers who may hold opinions and preferences different from our own. Tears of the Desert: One Womans True Story of Surviving the Horrors of Darfur by Halima Bashir and Damien Lewis The first memoir from a woman born and raised in South Darfur. An incredibly powerful first-hand account of the horrors of the genocide. Tell Me How It Ends by Valeria Luiselli Structured around the forty questions Luiselli translates and asks undocumented Latin-American children facing deportation, Tell Me How It Ends (an expansion of her 2016 Freemans essay of the same name) humanizes these young migrants and highlights the contradiction of the idea of America as a fiction for immigrants with the reality of racism and fearboth here and back home. The Book of My Lives by Aleksandar Hemon Aleksandar Hemon grew up in a blissful Sarajevo, where his childhood was consumed by football, his adolescence by friends, movies and girls and where, as a young man, he poked at the pretensions of his beloved city with American music, bad poetry, and slightly better journalism. And then at twenty-seven Hemon flew to Chicago for a month-long visit. A matter of weeks later Sarajevo was engulfed in an atrocious war and Hemon found himself in exile. The Bosnia List: A Memoir of War, Exile, and Return by Kenan Trebincevic and Susan Shapiro This poignant, searing memoir chronicles Kenans miraculous escape from the brutal ethnic cleansing campaign that swept the former Yugoslavia. The Flagless Ones by Hassan Faramarz Fleeing for their very lives and the lives of their children, an Iranian family finds heartbreak, agony, bigotry and hatred before finally finding the good that exists in some people. Weep and laugh with Hassan and his family as he reveals to the world the trials and difficulties of being a refugee cut off from his native land; needing, seeking and finally finding a helping hand. The Happiest Refugee: A Memoir by Anh Do Anh Do nearly didnt make it to Australia. His entire family came close to losing their lives on the sea as they escaped from war-torn Vietnam in an overcrowded boat. But nothing not murderous pirates, nor the imminent threat of death by hunger, disease or dehydration as they drifted for days could quench their desire to make a better life in the country they had dreamed about. The Lightless Sky: An Afghan Refugee Boys Journey of Escape to a New Life in Britain by Gulwali Passarlay To protect her son, Gulwalis mother sent him away. The search for safety would lead the twelve-year-old across eight countries, from the mountains of eastern Afghanistan through Iran and Europe to Britain. Over the course of twelve harrowing months, Gulwali endured imprisonment, hunger, cruelty, brutality, loneliness, and terrorand nearly drowned crossing the Mediterranean Sea. Eventually granted asylum in England, Gulwali was sent to a good school, learned English, won a place at a top university, and was chosen to help carry the Olympic Torch in the 2012 London Games. The Lost Boys of Sudan: An American Story of the Refugee Experience by Mark Bixler In 2000 the United States began accepting 3,800 refugees from one of Africas longest civil wars. They were just some of the thousands of young men, known as Lost Boys, who had been orphaned or otherwise separated from their families in the chaos of a brutal conflict that has ravaged their home country of Sudan since 1983. The Middle of Everywhere: Helping Refugees Enter the American Community by Mary Pipher In cities all over the country, refugees arrive daily. Lost Boys from Sudan, survivors from Kosovo, families fleeing Afghanistan and Vietnam: they come with nothing but the desire to experience the American dream. Their endurance in the face of tragedy and their ability to hold on to the virtues of family, love, and joy are a lesson for Americans. Their stories will make you laugh and weep-and give you a deeper understanding of the wider world in which we live. The New Odyssey: The Story of the Twenty-First Century Refugee Crisis by Patrick Kingsley The Guardian’s first-ever migration correspondent, Patrick Kingsley has traveled through seventeen countries to put an indelible face on this overwhelming disaster. From the starving migrants who push through sandstorms with children strapped to their backs to the exploitive criminals who prey on them, from the smugglers who dangerously stretch the limits of their cargo space to the volunteers who uproot their own lives to hand out water bottles?what emerges is a kaleidoscope of humanity in the wake of tragedy. The Optician of Lampedusa by Emma Jane Kirby The only optician on the island of Lampedusa in the Mediterranean is an ordinary man in his fifties, who used to be indifferent to the fate of the thousands of refugees landing on the coast of the Italian island. One day in the fall of 2013, the unimaginable scale of the tragedy became clear to him, and it changed him forever: as he was out boating with some friends, he encountered hundreds of men, women and children drowning in the aftermath of a shipwreck. The Optician and his seven friends managed to save 47 people (his boat was designed to hold ten people). All the others died. The Other Side of the Sky: A Memoir by Farah Ahmedi One day when she was seven, Farah woke up late, so she decided to take a shortcut to school. Unknown to her, there was a land mine that was planted in the field she was cutting across. She accidentally stepped on it and it exploded. After her leg was amputated and she fled to Pakistan with her mother, World Relief accepted their applications to go to America. Once they arrived, Farah and her mother continued to struggle with the new culture, language, and the speed of the modern world. The Translator by Daoud Hari In 2003, traditional life was shattered when government-backed militias attacked Darfurs villages with helicopters and on horseback, raping and murdering citizens and burning villages. His family dispersed, Hari escaped. He and friends helped survivors find food, water, and safety. When international aid groups and reporters arrived, Hari offered his services as a translator and guide, using his high school knowledge of languages. In doing so, time and again he risked his life, for the government of Sudan had outlawed journalists in the region. Then, inevitably, his luck ran out and he was captured. Now freed, he is a living witness to genocide. The Uninvited: Refugees at the Rich Mans Gate by Jeremy Harding Jeremy Harding has followed migrants and refugees in Morocco, Spain, Italy, Kosovo and Albania, and accompanied the border patrols that try to keep them out. In this documentary journalism, he asks how much longer exclusionary immigration policies can work. They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky: The True Story of Three Lost Boys from Sudan by Benjamin Ajak, Benson Deng, and Alephonsion Deng, with Judy A. Bernstein As gunshots, flames, and screams engulfed their village, three cousins fled into the cover of the forest. Every step led the boys away from their peaceful, agrarian worlda traditional world were spear-toting fathers protected their huts from the lions that roamed by night. With each footstep they were drawn deeper into the horrific violence of Sudans civil war: a world of bombed-out villages, mine-sown roads, and relentless desert, a world where starving adults would snatch the grain from a weak childs fingers. Violent Borders: Refugees and the Right to Move by Reece Jones In Violent Borders, Jones crosses the migfrant trails of the world, documenting the billions of dollars spent on border security projects, and their dire consequences for the majority of the people in the world. While the poor are restricted by the lottery of birth to slums and the aftershocks of decolonization, the wealthy travel without constraint, exploiting pools of cheap labour and lax environmental regulations. With the growth of borders and resource enclosures, argues Jones, the deaths of migrants in search of a better life are intimately connected to climate change, environmental degradation, and the persistence of global wealth inequality. War Child: A Child Soldiers Story by Emmanuel Jal Describes the harrowing youth of Emmanuel Jal, who was conscripted at the age of seven into the Christian Sudanese Liberation Army and who as a young man became a hip-hop star in Kenya and a spokesperson for Amnesty International. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda by Philip Gourevitch In 1994, the Rwandan government orchestrated a campaign of extermination, in which everyone in the Hutu majority was called upon to murder everyone in the Tutsi minority. Close to a million people were slaughtered in a hundred days, and the rest of the world did nothing to stop it. A year later, Philip Gourevitch went to Rwanda to investigate the most unambiguous genocide since Hitlers war against the Jews. What Is She Doing Here?: A Refugees Story by Kate Clanchy A memoir of the five years Kate Clanchy spent living closely with Antigona, a Kosovan refugee. It describes Antigonas escape from Milosevic, from her forced, violent marriage, and from the most traditional pastoral society in Europe and the growing toll of her losses, as she and her rebellious teenage daughters negotiate London. Fiction Day After Night by Anita Diamant Day After Night is based on the extraordinary true story of the October 1945 rescue of more than two hundred prisoners from the Atlit internment camp, a prison for illegal immigrants run by the British military near the Mediterranean coast south of Haifa. Deep Sea by Annika Thor Nearly four years after leaving Vienna to escape the Nazis, Stephie Steiner, now sixteen, and her sister Nellie, eleven, are still living in Sweden, worrying about their parents and striving to succeed in school, and at odds with each other despite their mutual love. Dragonfish by Vu Tran Robert, an Oakland cop, still cant let go of Suzy, the enigmatic Vietnamese wife who left him two years ago. Now shes disappeared from her new husband, Sonny, a violent Vietnamese smuggler and gambler whos blackmailing Robert into finding her for him. As he pursues her through the sleek and seamy gambling dens of Las Vegas, Robert learns more about his ex-wife than he ever did during their marriage. He finds himself chasing the ghosts of her past, one that reaches back to a refugee camp in Malaysia after the fall of Saigon. Although Robert starts illuminating the dark corners of Suzys life, the legacy of her sins threatens to immolate them all. Exit West by Mohsin Hamid In a country teetering on the brink of civil war, two young people meetsensual, fiercely independent Nadia and gentle, restrained Saeed. They embark on a furtive love affair, thrust into premature intimacy by the unrest roiling their city. When it explodes, turning familiar streets into a patchwork of checkpoints and bomb blasts, they begin to hear whispers about doorsdoors that can whisk people far away, if perilously and for a price. As violence and the threat of violence escalate, Nadia and Saeed decide that they no longer have a choice. Leaving their homeland and their old lives behind, they find a door and step through. Harbor by Lorraine Adams A young stowaway, Aziz, jumps into the icy waters of Boston Harbor and swims ashore. He scrabbles to find shelter with fellow immigrants, tries to live right, but quickly learns that the normal rules dont apply to those who have no legal existence. In the Sea There Are Crocodiles by Fabio Geda One night before putting him to bed, Enaiatollahs mother tells him three things: dont use drugs, dont use weapons, and dont steal. The next day, the ten-year-old Afghan boy wakes up to find she has gone. He is on the border of Pakistan, and he is all alone. Inge and Mira by Marianne Fredriksson Two women from completely different backgrounds unexpectantly meet in a garden centre. Inge is a refined Swedish woman and Mira is a Chilean immigrant. Intrigued by wary, the two women begin to develop a close bond. Little Bee by Chris Cleave Little Bee, the young female refugee from the Nigerian delta, must master the Queens English and the Queens England if she is to escape her past and make a life in the UK after two years in a refugee detention center. The novel opens on the day Little Bee is released from the center with no identification papers and only the address of an English couple, Andrew and Sarah, whom she once met on a Nigerian beach. Monsieur Linh and His Child by Philippe Claudel Traumatized by memories of his war-ravaged country, his son and daughter-in-law dead, Monsieur Linh travels to a foreign land to bring the child in his arms to safety. To begin with, he is too afraid to leave the refugee centre but the first time he braves the freezing cold to walk the streets of this strange, fast-moving town, he encounters Monsieur Bark, a widower whose dignified sorrow mirrors his own. Though they have no shared language, an instinctive friendship is forged between them. Mornings in Jenin: A Novel by Susan Abulhawa 1948. The Abulheja family are forcibly removed from their ancestral home in Ein Hod and sent to live in a refugee camp in Jenin. Through Amal, the bright granddaughter of the patriarch, we witness the stories of her brothers: one, a stolen boy who becomes an Israeli soldier; the other who, in sacrificing everything for the Palestinian cause, will become his enemy. Amals own dramatic story threads its way through six decades of Palestinian-Israeli tension, eventually taking her into exile in Pennsylvania. Strength in What Remains by Tracy Kidder Having survived the horrors of civil war and genocide, Deo arrives at JFK airport from Burundi with two hundred dollars and no contacts; he begins to meet the strangers who will point him towards Columbia University, medical school, and a life devoted to healing. The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears by Dinaw Mengestu Seventeen years after fleeing the Ethiopian revolution, Sepha Stephanos runs a grocery store in a poor African-American neighborhood in Washington, D.C., where he reflects on his past and the differences between his prospects and the life he imagined. The Depths of the Sea by Jamie Metzl Struggling to overcome painful Vietnam War memories, dispirited CIA desk officer Morgan OReilly learns that the grown surrogate son he rescued years earlier has disappeared during a mission to the Cambodian refugee camps of Thailand. The Farming of Bones by Edwidge Danticat It is 1937 and Amabelle Désir, a young Haitian woman living in the Dominican Republic, has built herself a life as the servant and companion of the wife of a wealthy colonel. She and Sebastien, a cane worker, are deeply in love and plan to marry. But Amabelles world collapses when a wave of genocidal violence, driven by Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo, leads to the slaughter of Haitian workers. Amabelle and Sebastien are separated, and she desperately flees the tide of violence for a Haiti she barely remembers. The Gangster We Are Looking For by lê thi diem thúy In 1978 six refugees a girl, her father, and four unclesare pulled from the sea to begin a new life in San Diego. In the childs imagination, the world of itchy dresses and run-down apartments is transmuted into an unearthly realm: she sees everything intensely, hears the distress calls of inanimate objects and waits for her mother to join her. The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende As a girl, Clara del Valle can read fortunes, make objects move as if they had lives of their own, and predict the future. Following the mysterious death of her sister, Rosa the Beautiful, Clara is mute for nine years. When she breaks her silence, it is to announce that she will be married soon to the stern and volatile landowner Esteban Trueba. Set in an unnamed Latin American country over three generations, The House of the Spirits is an epic of a proud and passionate family, secret loves and violent revolution. The Illegal by Lawrence Hill Fast-moving and compelling, The Illegal is a literary thriller that addresses the fate of undocumented refugees who struggle to survive in nations that do not want them. The Internationals by Sarah May Set in and around a Macedonia refugee camp during the 1999 Kosovo crisis, Sarah Mays satirical third novel spans seventy-eight tense days from the commencement of NATO airstrikes on Yugoslavia to the withdrawal of Serb forces from northern Kosovo. As the spotlight of the worlds media is turned on a small, landlocked country struggling to turn itself into a capitalist state, an extraordinary cast of aid workers, journalists and diplomats finds itself becoming inextricably involved with refugees, arms smugglers, Macedonia advertising executives and an Albanian mayor in ways none of them expected. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini In his debut novel, Khaled Hosseini unfolds the story of Amir, the son of a wealthy Afghani, and Hassan, an impoverished Hazarajat. Raised in two very different environments, the boys remain childhood best friends and kite runners. However, tragedy and war force them apart. Hassan remains in Kabul, while Amir and his father move to America. It is only as an adult that Amir, who learns of Hassan and his wifes murder, returns to Kabul, now ruled by the Taliban, to rescue Hassans enslaved son. The Last Illusion by Porochista Khakpour In a tiny village in rural Iran, Zals demented motherhorrified by his pale skin and hair, the opposite of her ownbecomes convinced her baby is evil. She puts him in a wire birdcage on her veranda with the rest of her caged flock, and there he stays for the next ten years. He is rescued from that hell and adopted by a behavioral analyst who brings him to New York and sets out to help him find happiness. The Refugees by Viet Thanh Nguyen A collection of stories, written over a twenty-year period, examines the Vietnamese experience in America as well as questions of home, family, and identity. The Silence and the Roar by Nihad Sirees In an unnamed Middle Eastern country resembling Syria, the entire country has mobilized to celebrate the twenty year anniversary of the reigning despot. Desperate to get away from the noise and the zombie-like masses, author Fathi Chin leaves his house to visit his mother. En route, he stops to help a student who is being beaten by the police. Fathis ID papers are confiscated and he is forced to return home and told to report to the police station before night falls. The Tyrants Novel by Thomas Keneally Trapped behind barbed wire in an alien land, a man used to guarding his secrets is compelled to set the record straight. The Wolf in the Attic by Paul Kearney 1920s Oxford: home to C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkienand Anna Francis, a young Greek refugee looking to escape the grim reality of her new life. The night they cross paths, none suspect the fantastic world at work around them. These Are the Names by Tommy Wieringa Tommy Wieringa traces two stories doomed to collide. In one, he follows a group of starving, near-feral Eurasian refugees on a harrowing quest for survival; in the other, he follows Pontus Beg, a policeman from a small border town on the steppe, as he investigates the death of a rabbi, one of the towns two remaining Jews. Thousand Star Hotel by Bao Phi Thousand Star Hotel confronts the silence around racism, police brutality, and the invisibility of the Asian American urban poor. What is the What by Dave Eggers Valentino Achak Deng was among the thousands of children who had to flee their homes in Sudan in order to escape a life of war and danger. Soon he finds himself in the United States. But with his new home come new obstacles. What other books would you recommend for World Refugee Days? Find even more books about refugees here.  

The Wolfpack Is A 2015 Documentary That Tells The Story Of...

The Wolfpack is a 2015 documentary that tells the story of the Angulo family, specifically the six movie obsessed brothers, and their life in a tiny New York City apartment. The Angulo brothers, all named by their Hare Krishna father for different iterations of the god Krishna, shared a six room apartment with their parents and older sister, Visnu. Their tight knit relationship developed in part from the isolation the family experienced during the boys childhood. During the film, they tell the camera how their father had the only key to the apartment and controlled their excursions into the outside world. â€Å"Sometimes we got out once a year,† says Mukunda Angulo, â€Å"and one particular year we never got out at all† (The Wolfpack 2015). To compensate for this lack of interaction with the outside world, the brothers turned to movies, watching thousands of films during the years they stayed inside the apartment. Their story is unique and compelling. These brot hers, despite- or perhaps because of- the conditions they were raised in, developed a strength and resiliency that allows them to be surprisingly well adjusted to modern American life. They now have Facebook pages and Instagram accounts, friends, love interests, and some have picked up Americanized names (Krisna is now Glenn, and Jagadisa goes by Eddie). The Wolfpack offers viewers a glimpse into their world, as filmmaker Crystal Moselle was given unprecedented access to their apartment and their lives. Moselle has

Financial Markets and the Economy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3471 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? In Greece the government dept and the money owed to pension funds, summing up to 1,2 trillion was becoming a huge burden . All the national services were running on a deficit and they were showing great inefficiency. In addition to this, corruption was obvious in every sector and tax evasion was more than a common practice. Generally Greek banks followed a very conservative strategy and did not invested in high yield assets nor did they get involved in the toxic real estate mortgage bonds market in the US. In this environment, Greek banks had lend Greece 30 billion Euros that had been stolen and squandered. Seeking to buy high yield bonds, Greek banks invested in promising GGB and now but a 20-25 % decrease in the price of the bond is enough to wipe out the 25% of the Greek Banks equity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Markets and the Economy" essay for you Create order With Mr. Papandreou going public about the real dept of Greece, yield rates increased and the Greek bonds lost their value. Greeces debt is rated as BBB- (SP), A2 (Moodys) and BBB- (Fitch) and the European Central Bank (ECB) may not accept Greek debt securities as collateral any longer after the end of the year, creating a big problem on liquidity. As a result if the Greek Government defaulted on its debts, the Greek banks would go bankrupt. Greece is still believed to be the most possible member in the euro Area to default due to sovereign crisis. The results for the Greek Economy and its existence in the global market would be catastrophic (inability to pay for its necessities and inability to borrow money from the markets with a rational interest rate). Similarities between Portugal and Greek Financial Crisis Portugal is a similar country that was running on deficits although the problem isnt as hard as in Greece. Portugal faces public sovereign problems and this puts extreme pressure on Portugals banks. Although Portugals solvency is not in question, its debt affordability over the medium term and the economys ability to withstand fiscal consolidation downgrades its credit rating. On February 4, 2010 Portugal attempted to sell T-bills although it didnt managed to receive the expected number of bidders. One part of the problem has been the investors punishment in the Greek bonds issuing, as bonds plunged and yields rocketed. The cost of insuring Portugals sovereign debt against a default rocketed at November 2010 and speculation implied that the country may have to follow Greece and Ireland in seeking an international financial bail-out. Portugals credit ratings are better than Greeces and this poses Portugal not at risk of refinance its operations, however they should proceed in cuts in public spending, a move that was not welcomed by the people. To balance the budget the only way is to increase revenues or to cut expenses. Higher revenues can be succeeded by higher growth or higher taxes. In Greece as we know tax evasion and corruption in bureaucracy have been a burden in implementing an efficient plan. While Portugal is doing better than Greece in terms of controlling its budget deficit and public debt, its poor long-term growth prospects, drastic loss of competitiveness imply low expectations for growth. Moreover, Portugals reliance on Spain-itself vulnerable-as a market for 25 percent of its exports, adds to the contagion risk. The Portugal Banks are facing challenges and they have to rely on governmental support. The inability of government to support the Portuguese banks has led to the downgrade of the debt ratings. Ireland Crisis Ireland Financial crisis was created inside the country and could be considered home-made. It started in a period when globally there was an era of growth. Financial integration in the Euro area allowed financial institutions in Ireland to access cross border funding. And based on that, Ireland experienced a significant financial boom. Living standards rose by far, and that is what happened with asset values. The boom in property investment market was certain, but fiscal and banking policies and financial supervision should have been prepared for a bust. But in fact, budgetary policy veered more toward spending money while revenues came in. In addition to this, the tax pattern created a lot of troubles since it was connected to property and spending and Ireland had an unusual system with tax deductibility for mortgages, and significant and distortive subsidies for commercial real estate development, yet no property tax. Moreover competition from abroad increased and the need for bank governance and risk management was crystal clear. IMF and ECB were not very critical of the policies followed and no measures were taken there to let room for man oeuvre. Lending in property and especially commercial property and individuals had increased in a level that imposed high risks. The response of supervisors to the build-up of risks, despite a few praiseworthy initiatives that came late in the process, was not hands-on or pre-emptive. In 2007 a decline in Irish property values and the Freezing up of the worlds interbank system, showed that the Banking system would face problems in order to finance its operations. This implied threat of Banks default, caused the governments intervention in order to bail them out. Anglo Irish Bank exposed to the Irish property bubble, and been involved in scandal in 2008 had a major drop on its share price. Ireland had entered into recession in the beginning of 2009 and unemployment rose by 3 degrees. The residential and commercial property markets went into a severe slump with both sales and property values collapsing. The Government in order to face the recession started taking controversial measures that evoked an unexpected public outcry. However the cost of saving the Banks pushed the National Debt to 125% (by 2015). As we can see, these are two different debt structures. In the first case the problem was caused by fiscal imbalances that drove banks into the black hole and in the second case the problem started as a banking crisis that evolved into a sovereign debt crisis. 2. Describe and elaborate on the term Greek statistics. What is the role of Goldman Sachs? The term Greek Statistics stands for the effort the Greek statistical authorities did to disguise the huge budget deficits the Greek government created. Creative accounting took priority when it came to totting up government debt. For all the benefits of uniting Europe with one currency, the birth of the euro came with an original sin: countries like Italy and Greece entered the monetary union with bigger deficits than the ones permitted under the treaty that created the currency. Rather than raise taxes or reduce spending, however, these governments artificially reduced their deficits with derivatives. Since 1999 and the Maastricht treaty no country-member of the European economic union- should exceed the budget deficit limit of three percent, while total government debt must not exceed 60 percent. The Greeks have never managed to stick to the 60 percent debt limit, and they only adhered to the three percent deficit ceiling with the help of blatant balance sheet cosmetics. After recalculating the figures, the experts at Eurostat consistently came up with the same results: In truth, the deficit each year has been far greater than the three percent limit, when in 2009 it exploded over 12 percent. Greeces budget deficits had been badly understated. In order to lower them, all sorts of expenses, like pension debt or defense expenditures, were moved out of the books. This way Greece managed to retain the deficits so as to meet the targets. Nevertheless, Greece would be able to disguise its true financial state for only as long as lenders assumed that a loan given was as good as guaranteed by the European Union and no one outside of Greece paid much attention. Therefore, professional aid was necessary to achieve it. Here, in 2001, entered Goldman Sachs, which engaged in a series of apparently legal but nonetheless repellent deals designed to hide the Greek governments true level of indebtedness. Goldman Sachs first helped Greece to borrow billions of Euros in secret, and then told it how to get round the European restrictions on public debt. The deal involved so-called cross-currency swaps in which government debt-issued in dollars and yen- was swapped for euro debt for a certain period to be exchanged back into the original currencies at a later date. Such transactions are part of normal government refinancing. Europes governments obtain funds from investors around the world by issuing bonds in yen, dollar or Swiss fr ancs. But they need euros to pay their daily bills. Years later the bonds are repaid in the original foreign denominations. In the Greek case however, the US bankers devised a special kind of swap with fictional exchange rates. That enabled Greece to receive a far higher sum than the actual euro market value of 10 billion dollars or yen. In that way Goldman Sachs secretly arranged additional credit of up to $1 billion for the Greeks. This credit disguised as a swap didnt show up in the Greek debt statistics. Eurostats reporting rules dont comprehensively record transactions involving financial derivatives. That deal, hidden from public view because it was treated as a currency trade rather than a loan, helped Athens to meet Europes deficit rules while continuing to spend beyond its means. Critics say that such deals, because they are not recorded as loans, mislead investors and regulators about the depth of a countrys liabilities. Wall Street did not create Europes debt problem. But bankers enabled Greece and others to borrow beyond their means, in deals that were perfectly legal. Few rules govern how nat ions can borrow the money they need for expenses like the military and health care. The market for sovereign debt the Wall Street term for loans to governments is as unfettered as it is vast. While such accounting gimmicks may be beneficial in the short run, over time they can prove disastrous. Still, as recently as 2008, Eurostat, the European Unions statistics agency, reported that in a number of instances, the observed securitization operations seem to have been purportedly designed to achieve a given accounting result, irrespective of the economic merit of the operation. The involved parties became so experts in these transactions that the term Greek Statistics became a pun among the European Fiscal Authorities to describe any data that have been manipulated. A country, like a bank, is too big to fail. So Greece will be rescued at a price. The European Central Bank claims to know all about Wall Streets game, and ECB president Jean-Claude Trichet is taking a very hard line with the Greek government, warning that Greece will have to take vigorous steps to mend its ways, under close and constant EU supervision. In other words, hand over control of its economic affairs a nd reduce its 2009 deficit 12.7% of GDP to 3% by 2012. To cut the deficit by almost 10%, particularly in an area of weak growth, is an almost impossible task, requiring major surgery rather than discipline. Oddly enough, the aim of the exercise is to strengthen the euro at the very time when the US and China are devaluing their currencies in order to consolidate the process of recovery. 3. In what way does the Greek crisis affect the European Banks and other countries? Provide evidence on the existence of financial contagion during the recent financial turmoil? The integration of the Euro Area and the use of the common currency in the Euro Zone create a big dependence and a big concern towards the financial crisis in Greece. The Greek Financial crisis may have a negative effect on its euro partners and may affect even the healthiest and strongest economies like Germany. In the table below we can see the European banks exposure to Greece. EUROPEAN BANKS As we see Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium and Portugal are holders of GGB. According to CIRA, over 50% of the Greek public debt is held abroad. French Banks have the greatest exposure to Greece ($79 bn), followed by Switzerland ($78,6 bn) and Germany ($43,2 bn). In this way they have been infected with the Greek Dept and they face losses as GGB downgrade. INFLATION Indirectly, the European Union affects the biggest members negatively. By keeping interest low to help countries like Greece in danger from sovereign debt, it increases liquidity in the Eurozone and creates opportunities for cheap lending for other countries. And this is a problem as Germany is diverging from countries that face economic turbulences like Greece Italy and Spain. Germany for the first time has expanded by 3,6% compared to 2009 and the inflation rose unexpectedly pushing the euro rate above 2%. Price stability, a major target of the EU, is been tested, however there is the danger that withdrawing money from the market will create panics and push up interests rates, exacerbating the crisis. Credit Risk Spread Since the belief that countries facing similar problems (ex Portugal) may default, negative trends in the market are formed and risk yields increase. An additional problem is that banks having invested in GGB may need to seek finance from the government and that transfers the risk to the state and finally to the taxpayer. Generally the problem derives from the downgrade of Greek Bonds that currently are in foreign hands (European Banks and other financial institutions hold more than 50% of the Greek Government Bonds). This way the Greek sovereign debt crisis directly affects all the euro zone. Financial contagion The risk here lies in Bulgaria and Romania, where Greek banks own 29% and 16% of banking sector assets. If Greek banks lost access to funding, that might encourage them to shrink their balance sheets in these two countries rather aggressively, putting downward pressure on growth there. Real contagion The role of the European Union is to propel price price stability throughout its members. There is an implicit need for actions to be taken in order to achieve this goal. If Eurozone falls due to to untreated rising sovereign risk or due to widespread fiscal tightening to address the rising sovereign risk, this will make banks very cautious concerning their balance in the region, and potential potential growth will suffer. Trade: With the need for low interest rates ECB have increased the amount of money in circulation and that makes the Euro more expensive towards the Dollar and the Yen. Consequently the demand for imports will be increased and the demand for exports will be decreased. Concuding Advanced economies have suffered large scale costs in the aftermath of the crisis.. A sharp decline in potential GDP and sizable bank rescue packages are likely to constrain the scope of scale consolidation over the coming years. At the same time, developed countries may be facing increasing risks to long-run debt sustainability if they fail to undertake structural reforms, particularly in their pension and healthcare systems. These circumstances suggest that, although defacto sovereign defaults may be a mere theoretical possibility, findings convey considerable policy implications in terms of European and global sovereign debt management policies. The main message is that, since sovereign debt markets involve asymmetric information and political risks due to the electoral cycle, even countries with relatively solid fundamentals cannot avoid international contagion. Furthermore, stronger commitments to the supranational coordination of debt policies may be inevitable. (Sovereign Cred it Risk Contagion in Advanced Economies, Norbert Metiu, September 30, 2010) 4. Describe the Greek debt structure and the possible resolutions of the current situation. What is the markets view of the Greek deficit problem? Explain. Greek Government Debt is estimated at 301 billion at 2009, 125% of the GDP. At 2010 the amount of the debt will reach 136% of the GDP and as announced by the accounting authorities the amount reaches 340,3 billion. The increase in the government dept in the latter year can be attributed to the coverage of the government deficit and in the increase of governmental material procurement and the coverage of organization of Regional Authorities. The dynamics of the public debt is affected by factors that are inside the direct control of policy like the privatization policies and the target of running primary surplus and privatization are of, the interest rate changes, the pace of growth factors as yet who are not in the rate of exchange and inflation influencing economic policy, but practitioners of direct control the public debt dynamics Debt composition regarding expiration Most of the debt issued in the period January to September 2010 was loans from the EU and the IMF (45%). The second higher concentration is on Treasury Bills (short term maturity) reaching 23%. Afterwards come the midterm maturity bonds of 5 years maturity (15%), 10 years maturity (8%) and other undefined of about 9%. All debt is denominated in Euros. Debt composition regarding rate As we can see from the chart Greek Government debt is based in fixed rate. Duration of the debt and average cost of borrowing Last but not least, cost for Greek borrowing shows a trend by which from the time Greece entered the European Union in 2001 costs were steadily decreasing from 6,2% in 2000 to a lower limit of 3,1% reached in 2005 and then rising again up until now, but not surpassing 4,3% in 2010. This is due to the entry of euro as currency in Greece, that stabilized the economy and produced phenomenal stability in the area, stability that was once again lost when Greece misreporting became known and the term Greek Statistics has since been used as a pun by the European fiscal authorities. Finally we have to mention that Greece lost its ability to borrow in the long term. As the following diagram shows the majority of the total debt is based on shorter loans that offer less risk and can be sold more easily. However the difference between the supply and the demand in the 3 years bond implies that the prices for long term bond Resolution and the markets view Greece is on a strong recovery run. The new taxation bill which includes significant rerating of profitable -dividend paying companies lets taxation priced in for some companies. From 2011 the corporation tax rate is set at 20% (from 24%), it applies to all profits and there is no longer any distinction between distributed profits and retained ones. Finally it reintroduces withholding tax on dividends at 25% (from 10%). The Greek government and the EU policy makers expect a comprehensive solution to the debt problem. Many scenarios are considered like the extension of lending facility, IMF package reprofiling, bond buy back program and more. The most likely scenario up to now seems to be an extension of the duration of the EU/IMF loan, something already discussed and agreed on, and maybe a lower rate of interest in the future if Greece manages to successfully restructure its operations in the manner the European Union imposes. If Greece becomes another last resort buyer for the GGBs with the ECB it could help restore confidence in the bond markets. However, for this and to meaningfully reduce the burden of debt, Greece must borrow hefty sums. Also some other problems, even if Greece gets to buy back most of its debt at a significantly lower price, still it is enormous, an unsustainable level, and this scenario of buying back the ECB holding of Greek debt only could imply haircuts for other holders, something that Both the Greek and the European financial system may not be willing to absorb now, while any buy back must be voluntary so as not to trigger the CDS. Nevertheless efforts must be made by the Greek fiscal authorities in order to improve the countrys financial picture. The new focus shifts towards structural reforms is more than welcome rather than pure austerity as it will promote growth. Yet this scenario may not come comprehensively. More austerity and structural reforms may be imposed for the financial aid to come, meaning more economic pressure. The third and final scenario would be not to involve in short term or medium term developments, something rather unlikely as it would mean that the sovereign crisis across Europe could escalate much further. The markets now have some reasons to be optimistic on Greece. To begin with now there is a base of operations to counter such phenomena, and major reforms are made to decrease deficits (pension plans). The government enjoys the support of the EU/ IMF and is committed to its austerity program and fiscal consolidation. There is a wish now for a permanent solution to the Greek debt problem. All these lead international investors to selectively look at Greek ideas again, especially deep value stocks as well as a cleansing up of the Greek system, where strong companies are to benefit from the closure of weak ones. Investors could properly return to Greece once they see that there is real improvement and commitment to change. An example that explains the former could be the new tax bill, a case where a government market friendly policy meets positive react from the markets..

Espionage Act 1917 Free Essays

Many historians, politicians, experts, believe that the Espionage Act of 1917 was one of the must controversial laws passed. This law was passed on June 15, 1917 shortly after the United States entered world war I. The reason why many people believe this law was so controversial, is that many argue that it directly affected the constitutional right of freedom of speech. We will write a custom essay sample on Espionage Act 1917 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reason is because this act originally prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support United States enemies during wartime, it also prohibited promoting insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal in the military, and or to interfere with military recruitment. The punishment for braking this law could be punishable by death or by imprisonment for not more that 30 years or both and fines up too $10,000. Moreover, many believed that this restrictions were unconstitutional, but later on in 1919 the U. S Supreme Court unanimously ruled in court case Schenck v. United States that the act dud not violate the freedom of speech of those convicted under its provisions. President Woodrow Wilson Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory and Jon Crawford supported the pass of the act, however the viewed it as a compromise. This document it quite important to historians that would like to study laws related to people leaving in the United States during this era. This article helps historians understand the importance of the U. S trying to keep a sense of control on their own grounds. By the government implanting this law they can feel a little safer of retaliation. Regardless, people still protested and did things that opposed the law. However, by having the law it helps to keep that control. This shows historians that besides all the problems going on overseas, the president it still had and â€Å"urgency† of having some type of law protecting the U. S form any type of anarchy, or interference with the military. Moreover, this document can give a lot of insight to historians that study human group movements or the arrest of political figures. For example, anti-war groups like Frayhayt or â€Å"left-wing† politicians like Bill Haywood, Philip Randolph, John Reed. This document could be used for historians with a specialty in law, or historians that study political people and group organizations during this time How to cite Espionage Act 1917, Papers

International Relation free essay sample

Introduction Constructivism or social constructivism can be clearly defines as a social theory or an approach that has been long used in the field of international relation. Though, it is newly recognised and being practiced by certain people. In our international system, constructivist approach seems to play crucial roles in organizing relationship among states. Based on the definition of international system in one book, â€Å"International system is a set of relationship among the world’s states, structured according to certain rules and pattern of interaction†. Thus, it is no doubt that constructivist is a part of international system. What are the main ideas brought by constructivist in international relation matter? The key answers are ideas, norms, identity and social interaction. These four terminologies is reflecting constructivism as a social theory and approach in IR. Fundamentally, constructivist approach focused on the element of social rather than materialistic element as such in Realism. We will write a custom essay sample on International Relation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Constructivist argues on realism point of view that material is the key element in understanding international relation. According to Yu –Tai Tsai (2009), constructivism never reject material things but also to complement it with the roles of ideas. This idea will complement the material world through shaping human’s behaviour. Therefore, the evolution of international system exist when actors of the international society and politic promotes cooperative relation independently. Constructivist mentioned that, social reality is subjective whereby actor’s behaviour creates collective meaning in an international system. Indirectly, the behaviour of actors leads to the creation of norms and identity that shape foreign policy. Unlike realism and liberalism, constructivism isn’t just a social theory but more likely an approach in understanding international relation. This is because; social constructivism to some scholar is a lesson about norms, identity and interaction as a real situation that can provide us with useful knowledge for us to not only understand international relation but to also understand the formation of foreign policy in the eyes of constructivist. Let us consider the following examples that can help us in understanding the main ideas brought by constructivist approach. Gun Story Imagine that there is a gun in your hand. Basically, the image of the gun is negative. When society sees you holding a gun, their first impression is that you are going to kill someone since the gun is the key to kill someone. However, constructivist views this differently; gun is nothing much than just a gun but the most important is who possesses the gun. This is because, the idea of killing is coming from the person who is having the gun and not the gun for sure. If he or she decided not to shoot, nothing will happen and no one will be killed. Related this example with constructivist concept of idea, in an international relation, idea is very important to shape the behaviour of actors. This is another example of constructivist idea of identity in international relation. In 1992, United State of America sent troops to Somalia. Somalia is a country with minimal strategic and economic importance to US. During that period, Somalia jump into civil war involving the political crisis and African drought that affected its population. Mass starvation occurred when its threaten one fourth of the population. US see this in the perspective of humanity and the idea of helping Somalia emerged after huge coverage by the CNN. Media such as CNN took active interest to attract world attention by picturing Somalian hunger. They illustrated and displayed the image of flies and children with diseases such as malnutrition and etc. Unconsciously, media has created such ideas for US to pursue their national interest in providing such aids to Somalia. Thus, according to constructivist, media plays strong influence in spreading ideas that can helps state in strengthening their international relations with others. Based on the example above, constructivist believes that social and material is complementing each other in international system. This is because, according to Alexander Wendt(1994), constructivist approach also stressed on international structure that consists of social relationship and material capabilities that will absolutely influence the identity and interest of a nation. Thus, constructivism is an interesting subject to be discussed rather than realism or liberalism. Conclusion In our international system, it is no doubt that the social interaction exist long time before. Thus, constructivist approach point out that identity and national interest was constructed through social interaction. In Malaysia for example, foreign policy toward Vietnam in Rohignya Ethnic issue was based on shared identity. Constructivist view this as Majority of Malaysian are Muslim and the identity of Islam shared by the minority ethnic (Rohignya) in Vietnam as Muslim as well. Thus Malaysia feel that it is their responsibi lity to helps their Muslim society and to implement their foreign policy as well. As a result, Malaysia took this opportunity by voicing out their opinion that Vietnam government should acknowledge this minority ethnic group as part of their population. As stated in a book on international relation study, State identities are complex and it change through time through the process of socialization (Joshua S. G. Jon C. P. , 2012: p. 97). Therefore, the process of socialization was briefly discussed by the constructivist in their school of thought. Again, According to Kennetz Waltz, the international systems are ordered based on the principle of its members’ sovereign equality and it is therefore decentralized and anarchic.

Mystical Ocean Essays - English-language Films,

Mystical Ocean Sarah stood at the top of the cliff, her toes curled around the edge of the jagged rocks. She glanced briefly down towards the circular, blue pool, which appeared to be the size of a laundry bucket from this height. She knew from experience that if she hesitated, paused to gather courage, it would only make it harder to take the step into space. She drew in a deep breath, counted to herself, "One, two, three" and placed her life in the hands of gravity. As she descended, the magical power and speed of falling through the sunlight and then plunging into the water exhilarated her. It was always the same and yet the rush she experienced, felt as thrilling as the first time. As she broke the surface of the water, any remaining oxygen escaped from her lungs. Upon surfacing, she would give her golden, brown hair a shake and gasp for air, while trying to cope with the adrenalin that bolted through her veins. She awoke from this pleasant reflection with a grin on her face. It wasn't until she began to regain full consciousness that the sinister fingers of her dreadful disease reached around her chest and began to squeeze. The daily shock of realisation confronted her. Every morning she had to face the horrific facts, again and again and again. Lying back in her bed, she listened to the small birds whistling cheerfully outside. She couldn't help reminding herself of how pointless and irrational it was to resent the native birds, which sat on the dry, summer twigs. Finally, she could not bear to listen to them any more. They could dance so freely, then stretch their wings and fly away. Sarah's thoughts were disturbed by her mother's loud entrance to the room. As always she was trying her absolute best to sound cheerful and indirectly supportive. "How are you feeling?" she inquired compassionately. "Simply fantastic!" Sarah replied sarcastically. Her mother attempted to ignore the bitter remark but was visibly affected by Sarah's recent cynical attitude. Sarah, although noticing her mother's discomfort refused to make eye contact or soften her harsh comments. "How would you feel lying in this bed day after day?" she asked angrily. "I could take you for a walk in your chair along the beach later, if you want" her mother offered encouragingly. "I've told you, I hate that chair and when are you going to get ithe damn thing out of my room", shouted Sarah. She stared accusingly at her mother and then at the dull, silver wheelchair, sitting beside her bed. Sarah hated that chair, refusing to use it and resented her mother for Vbos No. 97194015 T leaving it in her room. "Get it out!" Sarah roared once again. Despondently Sarah's mother turned and wheeled the chair out of her room. Silently Sarah's nurse entered the room. A small Asian woman, she rarely if ever spoke. Slowly she fed Sarah breakfast; spoon-fed like a child. Frustration and anger grew within Sarah, as the most mundane tasks were now beyond her capabilities. As the nurse gently bathed Sarah's legs, she wistfully remembered when she had full use of her limbs. Tanned, defined, strong, her legs were an object of desire. Now they were little more than two thin, brittle twigs. She envied her nurse as she moved gracefully through the room. Meticulously prepared Sarah's medication, ensuring each duty was performed to the greatest detail, before leaving as swiftly as she'd entered, offering Sarah only a shy, unsure, half-smile. Through her balcony window, Sarah witnessed the huge waves crash into the jagged rocks below and listened in silence to the mysteriously wild, roar of the ocean. The bitter taste of medication lingered in her mouth, while the harsh wind picked up the sand, swirling it in the air, causing the last of the tourists to scurry from the sand. The beach was now desolate and bare, looked more like a desert. As the sun slowly began to hide behind the clouds, the once golden sand turned to a murky gray, while the incoming tide swallowed all before it. The shadow of darkness spread quickly across the deep, endless ocean, hiding all within life and the life of Sarah's.

Warhol essays

Warhol essays This is an image from Andy Warhol. When this was displayed in 1962, it was in a nearby gallery with a sign that said, Get the real thing for 29 cents. Not to forget the humor, the underlining thing is that Warhols work threatened the concept of art as serious and transcendent: artist intentions devoid of satire seemed as cheerfully vacuous as his subject matter. With this one project, Andy changed art in a new way. Although it could be thought of as vapid, I think it was a smart move on the artist, because he was, as many great artists do, taking down the structure of art and making people think about what art is again. Pop arts celebration of the banal and its unapologetic dismissal of higher aims soon lost their original shock value, yet Andy, its best known person, remained on top throughout his lifetime. Born in Pennsylvania in 1930 with the name Andrew Warhola, he graduated college from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949. He then moved to New York City where he became involved in commercial art and won several prizes. His development in fine art began with wry, delicate drawings and culminated in the hard-hitting graphic style that became a huge success. He had a solo show in New Yorks Stable Gallery in 1962 and it brought him instant fame. In his studio he mass-produced many of the peaces that we see today. The pop artist not only depicted mass products but he also wanted to mass-produce his own works of pop art. Consequently he founded The Factory in 1962. It was an art studio where he employed in a rather chaotic way "art workers" to mass produce mainly prints and posters but also other items like shoes designed by the artist. The first location of the Factory was in 231 E. 47th Street, 5th Floor (between 1st & 2nd Ave). Warhol's favorite printmaking technique was silkscreen. It came closest to his idea of proliferation of art. Apart from being an Art Produ...

Verview of the Bhopal, India disaster Research Paper - 1

Verview of the Bhopal, India disaster - Research Paper Example In December 1984, water with 42 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas entered into tank 610. This resulted into an exothermic reaction that raised the temperature to over and above 200 degrees. The rise in pressure caused the tank to release 30 metric tones of MIC into the ambiance in less than 60 minutes. The northwesterly wind blew the gas over Bhopal (Hanna, Morehouse, & Sarangi, 2005). The gravity of the situation had magnifying factors such as poor safety systems; some of which were off to save on money; the flare tire disconnected; the vent gas scrubber was out of caustic soda; the pressure valve was not working; mandatory refrigeration of MIC was incorrect. Union Carbide ignored recommendations given to them by an American team that had performed inspections on the plant in the year 1961. This inspection revealed 61 potential hazards, none of which Union carbide corrected (Born, 1996). The disaster hit catastrophic levels owing to the burgeoning of casual settlements around the plant. Further, there lacked disaster preparedness actions induced by the appropriate authorities (Hanna, Morehouse, & Sarangi, 2005). Inquiry into the incident further revealed that the plant used unapproved technologies in its productions. The morale of the employees of the firm was low, and attempts to cut down expenses led to poor environment. Most of the qualified work force left the company for better jobs leaving under qualified staff at the plant (Born, 1996). This coupled with lacked of skilled operators led to the occurrence of the Bhopal gas tragedy. Following this nasty incident, Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) tried so hard to shift liability to it subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL). The UCC claimed that UCIL was autonomous in its operations and as such were culpable (Fernando, 2009). They also tried to blame the incident on disgruntled employees and Sikh extremists whom they

Privacy Issues in Social Networking Research Paper

Privacy Issues in Social Networking - Research Paper Example This aspect also renders individuals liable for their usage of the technologies. This paper will discuss the privacy issues in social networking. It is a requirement by most social networking sites that users read and agree to a code of use policy prior to using their services. Controversially, these policies that users have to accept usually contain clauses allowing the social networking operators to store users’ data and even share it with other parties (Randall & Richards 1). The operators hold on to data and make it difficult to delete accounts even after deactivating them while sharing personal information with third parties. Surveys have shown that there are several key privacy risks for social network users, such as total information awareness, broadcasting to wrongdoers and having no control over one’s information related to identity (Gross & Acquisti 1). All social networking sites require and offer varying privacy levels. For example, a site like Facebook encourages the use of real names and personal information like a telephone number, address and birth date while signing up for a new profile. They eve n get more intimate by asking for relationship status, hobbies religion, and sexual preference. Among the sites that encourage disclosure of personal information, a trend has been noticed where most users seem comfortable with disclosing to the public (Gross & Acquisti 1). This information spreads faster via social networking sites than in a real-life network. Because the information is in digital format and can easily be copied, stored and searched, it may find its way to groups of people unexpectedly. This is especially harmful to users if the information travels in different spheres, ending up with unintended recipients. Social network sites receive financial enticements from advertisers to generate revenues through the information users submit (Randall & Richards 1).

Reading Habits Among Student Of Faculty Information Management Education Essay

Reading Habits Among Student Of Faculty Information Management Education Essay Proverb says reading is warehouse of knowledge. By reading we can get a number of knowledge and information that is being developed or have evolved though. Anyway, all is never separated from the act of reading. In particular, the student or students for these jobs require them to read. That is read, read, and continue readings. As a hunter of science, the book is a major source of knowledge for them. Hence, reading something that is very important in our lives if we want to succeed in life. There are lots of understanding about the reading by some of the figures. Among Klein, ddk (in Faridah Rahim, 2005: 3) that make the definition of reading includes: first, reading is a process. The point is the information from the text and the knowledge possessed by the reader has a key role in the form of questions. According to Harris and Sipay (1980) described the process of reading as a process for the interpretation of the meaning of the symbols printed or written. In addition, Kenedy (1981) also defines reading as the ability to detect a visual form (graphic symbols that represent the language and the writing or words), connecting it with the form of sound or meaning of the note and then based on past experience, understand and interpret its meaning. For Mohairaini Yusoff (1989), has concluded the process of reading as a complex treatment and cannot be observed. Only two components of the agreed key skills inherent in the reading skills of skills to recognize and condemn the w ords and the skills to understand what is read. Reading is something that should be in our lives as human beings as long as we live on this Gods earth. Reading is the roots strength of an individual, but of a nation and a country. Without someone to read that there would be no knowledge or experience, without the knowledge and experience of how someone is able to govern or to lead a country and family. Therefore, reading is something very important in life if we want to succeed. In addition, reading is a science which is important to us. Many forms of knowledge can be gained by reading habits, but the reading can improve a person thinking and enhance their skills or expertise in any field of endeavor. Reading also benefited as the reading we can fill the free time and with these we will not waste time with things that are not useful as is happening now is like illegal racing activity, loitering, and so forth. In fact, reading can calm the mind and reduce the burden and to read, we can disseminate the knowledge gained from reading to others. Now we can also read and heard through the mass media in our country Malaysia, the ministry tried to set up various programs to encourage people to read because we are Malaysian government is aware that people are not reading less knowledgeable, and this will affect the performance of our country. Among the programs are held at each school talks about the importance of reading to enhance knowledge, sales day books, NILAM program at the school, the programs readers and many programs have been organized. This program is held by the ministry in collaboration with the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MALAYSIA and also the school. From here we can see the importance of reading to the individual, especially the students and students of higher education. To get a good future they must have a high knowledge and to get the high knowledge they must reading and have reading habits inside them. They must think reading is not just to fulfill their field in their study but they must think reading is to make a knowledge that is really treasure for them. Here we will know the higher education student skill in reading. This means that how they read, for what they read and how they interpret their reading into study or their works. Beside that we also can know the important of reading for the higher education student. How the faculties keep their student in reading habits and what programs that already being handled to keep the student reading. ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND The research of mine will be conducted in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Shah Alam. My research scope will be among student of Faculty Information Management (FPM). UITM was establishing on 14 October 1967 by Tun Abdul Razak and by the mid-70s, but at that time the campus was already in full operation. Now UITM have 26 campuses. It is including UITM Campus Puncak Perdana. Campus Puncak Perdana was establish in the year of 2005.There are 3 Faculty in this campus, it is Faculty Information Management, Faculty Account, and Faculty Technology Creative and Artistic. Faculty of Information Management, UiTM, takes pride in being the pioneer in providing professional education to fulfill the manpower need of the country in three very important fields, namely: Information Management, Library Management, and Records Management. Our academic programmes, supplemented by industry attachments, equip graduates with knowledge and skills to take on the challenging demands of managing information in various forms and in various types of organizations. Our graduates become the main driving force for the development of a knowledge-based society, transforming Malaysia into a developed nation, ensuring that the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rich reservoirs of knowledge are systematically organized, maintained and enhanced for optimum value. To achieve this aim, the programmes consist of the blended components from four main areas: Information Technologies, Professional and Technical Aspects of Information and Records Management, Public Relations, and Usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Needs and Services. To achieve the goal of the Information Management Faculty, the student must active reading and they must have the skill to manage their reading, information, knowledge, information literacy, become the information proficiency and many more. The student must have good reading habits to become the skilled persons. Having good reading habits will make them professional in this field. The students also know how to handle the information from overload because they have skills because of their habits in reading. Although, Faculty of Information Management produces good workers on manage the information and they also produce the librarian. So, here they need to produce a program to increase the reading habits among students. Before they can conduct program, they must have the reading habit. From this they can conduct and handle student and people to have reading habits and they can give their experience on reading habits. PROBLEM STATEMENT Reading habits is very important to students especially student in higher education. They need to read more than other people. This is because students have to read to broaden their knowledge. Not to read just for school assignments, but read to give them knowledge. With this knowledge, they can complete their tasks quickly and have knowledge of their contents. In addition, reading can also prepare students to stand up and speak in front of the class, especially in the presentation works. Without reading difficult for them to speak fluently to describe the contents of their hard work and also to answer questions raised by colleagues and lecturers. Therefore, we have the knowledge to read high. However, the students reading is just to finish their assignment not for keep their knowledge. They think that finish their assignment is more important than reading for knowledge. This can give impact to the students and also to the faculty. This is because the faculty of Information Management wants to produce the workers that have a quality and having knowledge in manages information, without reading is it hard to produce this kind of workers. After the student finish their studies, they will go for works, if they not works as what the employer want this can give impact for Faculty. Employer would dispute the ability faculty in produce are capable students in the world of works. In this field of studies, need the student read more than often because from reading student will know about the management of information and what they need to do. The first problem in this area is lack awareness about the important of reading. Reading habits can give them more knowledge not only in studies but also knowledge about worlds. The second problem is students are always narrowed in reading minds. They can only be read if asked or to complete their assignment. In fact, they prefer to read scientific material about such gossip. The third problem is the limited collection materials in the library and the lack of Internet services. When there are limited collections of materials in the library so students refer to not go to library and also they will read this limited collection and this will occur problem on student reading habits. Lack of using the internet or browsing internet the student will get not enough information and they will get limited information and this will make they have a limited knowledge. The forth problem is student easy to feel bored in reading especially read books and article without any picture. They refer to read the visual form of reading materials. This kind of reading concept would not make the student feel bored easily. Besides that, visual material of reading will help the student to faster remember their readings. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are as follows: To investigate the student awareness about the important of reading. To investigate frequency of student go to library. To investigate the materials of the student often to read and borrowed from library. To investigate the using of the internet by student; is that they use the internet to learn, reading or something else. To investigate is there any program being handle at the faculty to attract the student to go library and read; is it the student attend the program. RESEARCH QUESTION The research questions of this study are as follow: What is the purpose of reading for student? What is the frequency of the student come to library? How often the student come to reading program handle by the faculty and library? How much the materials that student read per day and how many material they borrowed from library? What the material the student often use to read and study; internet or printed materials? SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH The scope of this study is about the reading habits among student of Faculty of Information Management. How important reading habits in order to fulfill the career as a student, need of the student and ths will plays a big rle to produce the quality works and leading to successful academic person. This research is being conduct among student in Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, campus Puncak Perdana. The scope of this study are limited to two main areas, which is the contents of the study that is base on the title and the location of the study which is I have chose in Faculty of Information Management Campus Puncak Perdana, UITM, Shah Alam. The study of this research covers several elements. The elements are how often student go to library to make a reading for them self, how much materials they read per day, what kind material they read, and their ability in reading. The respondents for this study comprises of the students in Faculty Information Management and in this faculty there are four courses, IM220 (Library Science Management), IM221 (Information Systems Management), IM222 (Records Management), and IM223 (Resource Centers Management). This faculty located at University Teknologi MARA, Campus Puncak Perdana, Seksyen U10, Shah Alam. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Independent Variable Dependent Variable Reading Skill Reading Habits Material Library services Reading Habits Program MATERIAL READING SKILL READING HABITS READING HABITS PROGRAM LIBRARY SERVICES FIGURE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RELATIONSHIP INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES The conceptual framework indicates the relationship which consists of the dependent and independent variables. The framework denotes the four variables which causes to single variable which were affected by the independent variable. Reading habits is dependent variable, variance in which to be explained by the four independent variables which are reading skill, materials, library services, and reading habits programs. The independent variables in this case are reading habits skills, materials, library services, and reading habit programs. Thus, it is very important of the reading habits in produce the good future and ability in works, also can make a higher knowledge. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the reading habits. It can be seen clearly that the independent variables have influenced the dependent variable. This research indicate and elaborate clearly that the reading skill, materials, library services and reading habit programs in student life as an independent variables that will affect and support the student life, works and student futures by having the reading habits among themselves as a dependent variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Reading Habits According to North Regional Education Laboratory, definition of reading is, for many years, three basic definitions of reading have driven literacy programs in the United States (Foertsch, 1998). According to the first definition, learning to read means learning to pronounce words. According to the second definition, learning to read means learning to identify words and get their meaning. According to the third definition, learning to read means learning to bring meaning to a text in order to get meaning from it. But, according to the free dictionary, reading is the act or activity of one that reads. The definition of habits according to dictionary.com is, habits are an acquired behavior pattern regularly followed until it has become almost involuntary: the habit of looking both ways before crossing the street. Habits also can be define as a particular practice, custom, or usage, a dominant or regular disposition or tendency; prevailing character or quality. From both definition we can understand that reading habits is the act or activity of one that reads acquired behavior pattern as regularly followed until it has become almost involuntary.